TENDENCIES IN THE SCULPTURE
 Realism
According to that any plastic declaration can be located between ends of reality and abstraction, or of nature and ideality; the realism qualification does not make but to indicate a major or minor grade of approach of the work of art to the first one of two definitions.
Impressionism
Artistic tendency - principally, pictorial - that proposes to exhibit straight the impressions experienced by the artist before the Nature. It incorporates the idea of instantaneidad. In escultura:Rodin, Rosso and Trubetzkoi.
Naturalism
Tendency to the imitation of the nature, in opposition to the idealism and to the symbolism. Many art commentators have tried to establish a conceptual demarcation between naturalism and realism, but none of the attempts of coming to a terminological preción has gone so far as to receive general validity. In practice, both terms, they are used indiscriminately.
Classicism
It is characterized by the preponderant sense of the proportions, a special taste for the balanced compositions and search continues it in all his declarations of the harmony of the forms.
Modernism
Developed at the end of the XIXth century and the beginning of the XXth century, the most typical feature of the modernist style is the undulating and asymmetric line, which forms often ornamental motives of big complexity compositiva. topcoat was a new decorative style that was unrolled principally in
Symbolism
Way of artistic expression that resorts to the symbols. He chooses the topics between the big myths and grants to the sleep and to the anxiety a privileged place. Also to the Christian or pagan spiritual values.
Romanticism
The romantic art interpreted across the subjective prism of the artist, looked for his subject-matter in the Middle Age, the Christianity and the national history; as well as also he felt predilection for the description of exotic or unusual places and fantastic situations.
Expressionism
Character of a work, of art of any epoch, which gives major importance to the expressiveness that to the respect to a formal code. In the heart of the expressionism there is the real experience and the individual relations with the world, in what they have of difficult, of tormented, of painful or of tragic actor. The personality and the life of the artist are, in the expressionism, inseparable in his work.
Idealism
Tendency that it assigns like end to the art and to the literature the expression of an ideal more beautiful than the reality.
Abstraction
The abstract one is a current of the plastic and graphic arts of the XXth century and a real rupture consists during the history of the forms. It pushes back the representation of the tangible reality, so much if this one has been taken as a starting point and submitted to an abstraction operation, as not.
THE SCULPTURE IN SPAIN
XIXTH CENTURY
In the first half of the XIX.th century in our country, the sculpture continued the classical schemes tinted by a certain romanticism in the election of the topics and for a major realism in finished of the details. Nevertheless, the real sculptural romanticism is represented by José Gragera and Venancio Vallmitjana. As for the naturalism developed in the second half of the XIXth century, his figure more significant they are: Ricardo Bellver, Agustín Querol, Antonio Susillo, and much especially, Mariano Benlliure and Miguel Blay. The work of the above mentioned developed already entirely in the XXth century.
Between the modernist sculptors, whose work takes place on horseback between two centuries, stand out: Arnau Mascort, José Llimona, Jaime Otero Camps, Ismael Smith and Lamberto Escaler.
XXTH CENTURY.
In the first mital of the XXth century, the Spanish sculpture experienced a powerful renewal. Artists as José Llimona, Manolo Hugué or José Clará were anticipated by his plastic innovations to the big figure of Pablo Gargallo, to whom the investigations owe on the possibilities of the iron like vehicle of a new sculptural expressiveness.
The cubist influence allowed to feel in the work of the sculptors of the twenties, although later they evolved towards other currents: Hernández, Barral, Victorio Macho, Angel Ferrant, etc.
Perhaps the biggest personality of the sculpture of the XXth century is Julio González who contributed with his contributions to the development of the international contemporary sculpture and influenced the work of Pablo Picasso. In the middle of century there began to become strong an abstract current that in the Basque Country reached notable levels with Jorge Oteiza, Eduardo Chillida y Besterrechea.
In the Center Rocky area and Amadeo Gabino stand out.
In Canaries: Martín Chirino.
In Catalonia: Martí, Corberó and Subirachs, who later has evolved towards an imagining of Renaissance influence.
Related to the realistic sculpture of Madrid Antonio López and Julio López Hernández appear.
In the eighties the sculpture has experienced a big heyday between the young generations. The Valencian ones stand out especially: Navarrese and Cardells; the Basques: Badiola and Bados, The Galicians: Leiros and basallo; them catalanes:Aguilar, Solano, Plensa and Carr.
THE SCULPTURE IN THE WORLD
In the prehistory (period auriñaciense), approximately 3.000 years B.C., the man sculpted feminine statuettes of wide hips and big expressiveness. In the period magdaleniense I carve figures of animals in flagstaff and ivory of big realism.
The sculpture in strict sense developed in the empires of the Near East from IV millenium, and much especially in Egypt, where already in the ancient empire (2.500 years B.C.). this art reached an extraordinary perfection and survived during several milleniums. Works important developed also in parallel in Mesopotamia, in Sumer (III millenium) and later in Assyria (first half of I millenium B.C.). and also in the nearby peoples hititas and Iranians.Estos last especially in bronze and gold.
In the Europe of the antiquity, Crete first and, later, Greece they created a sculpture that in diverse of his stages (archaic, classic) was characterized by the search of the perfection in the representation of the human body.
In Italy the Etruscans created an interesting sculpture in terracotta and, later, the Romans, heirs of latradición sculptural Greek stood out in the portrait and the monumental art. Italy produced the most important figures of the Renaissance: Donatello and Miguel Angel and, later, of the Baroque: Bernini.
In Spain, which medieval art reached a very notable development, with original characteristics that distinguish it from the rest of Europe. it specialized in the Renaissance and in the baroque in the size of images of religious character in polychrome wood.
The sculpture in France presents a big continuity, from the Romanesque stages and Gothic (stone, wood and ivory) until the XIXth century (with Rude, Carpeaux and Rodin) and in the XXth century (Maillol and Bourdelle).
The pre-Columbian America knew especially in Mexico and Central America an original and powerful development of the sculpture: Aztec, Mayan or Olmec art.
Recent is the development of the sculptural art in Africa and Oceania especially in wood, which expressive and decorative qualities are much appreciated by the contemporary artists.
The esthetic revolutions of the XXth century introduced by personalities as Brancusi and Archipenko express themselves by means of the materials search: Metals or plastic matters; and of forms of big diversity that translate the modern worry and the emergence of new conceptions. |
Vincent van Gogh 
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